Workplace Reloaded. Ensuring Well-Being in the Modern ‘Worksphere’

Authors

  • Luca Ratti University of Luxembourg
  • Anna E. Kornadt University of Luxembourg
  • Nastazja Potocka-Sionek University of Luxembourg
  • Claus Vögele University of Luxembourg

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.60923/issn.2421-2695/23596

Keywords:

employment law, well-being, mental health, telework, worksphere

Abstract

Despite considerable policy attention on well-being at work, existing legal frameworks fail to sufficiently address the psychological risks associated with modern work environments. Changes to the spatio-temporal aspects of work, which have become ubiquitous since the Covid-19 pandemic, necessitate a reassessment of how the law ensures workers’ well-being. Based on an interdisciplinary approach integrating legal and psychological perspectives, this paper introduces the concept of the ‘worksphere’, which is understood as the boundaryless range of situations typically associated with the performance of work activities, to such an extent that they cannot be differentiated based on whether they occur at the employer’s physical premises – the workplace – or elsewhere. This novel concept of the ‘worksphere’ serves as an analytical instrument to envisage a more comprehensive regulatory approach to well-being at work, overcoming the existing fragmented legal instruments, exemplified by the recent EU initiatives on the right to disconnect and on fair telework.

References

Ales E., Well-being at Work: A New Paradigm for Labour Relations, in E. Ales (ed.) Health and Safety at Work, European and Comparative Perspective, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2013, 25.

Ales E., Article 31 CFREU. Fair and just working conditions’, in E. Ales and others (eds.), International and European labour law : article-by-article commentary, Baden-Baden, Nomos - München, C.H. Beck, 2018.

Ales E., Miranda L., Giurini A., Italy: From Occupational Health and Safety to Well-being at Work, in E. Ales (ed.) Health and Safety at Work, European and Comparative Perspective, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2013, 199.

Antonelli P. (ed.), Workspheres: design and contemporary work styles, New York, MoMa, 2001.

Butera P.A., Living conditions and quality of life Composite indicators in key areas of well-being: Literature review, Available at https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/publications/eurofound-paper/2024/composite-indicators-key-areas-well-being-literature-review.

Campbell D., Well-being and the non-material dimension of work, Geneva, ILO, 2012.

Cefaliello A., Psychosocial Risks in Europe: National Examples as Inspiration for a Future Directive, ETUI Research Paper - Policy Briefs 2021.06 at https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/Psychosocial%20risks%20in%20Europe_2021_1.pdf.

Cefaliello A., An Occupational Health and Safety Perspective on EU Initiatives to Regulate Platform Work: Patching up Gaps or Structural Game Changers?, in Journal of Work Health and Safety Regulation, 2023, 1.

Choroszewicz M., Kay F., The use of mobile technologies for work-to-family boundary permeability: The case of Finnish and Canadian male lawyers, in Human Relations , 2019, 73, 10.

Choudhury P(R), Foroughi C., Larson B., Work-from-anywhere: The productivity effects of geographic flexibility, in Strategic Management Journal, 2021, 42, 655-683;

Christensen J. O. and others, The influence of digitalization and new technologies on psychosocial work environment and employee health: a literature review, Statens Arbeidsmiljøinstitutt, Nationalt Forskningscenter for Arbejdsmiljø, 2020.

Cox T. and others, Organisational interventions for work stress A risk management approach, in HSE Contract Research Report, 2000, 14.

Delanoeije J., Verbruggen M., Germeys L., Boundary role transitions: A day-to-day approach to explain the effects of home-based telework on work-to-home conflict and home-to-work conflict, in Human Relations, 2019, 72, 12.

Derks D. and others, Work-related smartphone use, work-family conflict and family role performance: The role of segmentation preference, in Human Relations, 2016, 69, 5.

De Groof S., Travelling Time is Working Time according to the CJEU - At Least for Mobile Workers, in European Labour Law Journal , 2015, 6, 4.

Diener E., Pressman S. D., Hunter J., Delgadillo-Chase D., If, Why, and When Subjective Well-Being Influences Health, and Future Needed Research, in Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 2017, 9, 2, 133-167.

Dorssemont F., Naert K., and Van Regenmortel A., Well-Being at Work in Belgium: A Matter of Co-operation, in E. Ales (ed.) Health and Safety at Work, European and Comparative Perspective Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, Kluwer Law International, 2013, 97.

Floridi L., The Fourth Revolution: How the Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014.

Genin E., Proposal for a Theoretical Framework for the Analysis of Time Porosity, in IJCLLIR, 2016, 32, 3.

Gohoungodji P. et al., What makes telework work? Evidence of success factors across two decades of empirical research: a systematic and critical review, in The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2022, 34, 3, 605-649.

Harter J. K., Schmidt F. L., Keyes C. L. M., Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes: A review of the Gallup studies in Corey, in L. M. Keyes and Jonathan Haidt (eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived, American Psychological Association, 2003.

Hendrickx F., Negotiating telework: thinking outside the comfort zone, in DLM International , 2023, 2, 5.

Hill S. N., Axtell C., Nurmi N., Unpacking virtual work's dual effects on employee well-being: An integrative review and future research agenda, in Journal of Management, 2022, 50, 2.

Huber M. and others, How should we define health?, in BMJ, 2011, 343, d4163.

Huta V., Waterman A. S., Eudaimonia and its distinction from hedonia: Developing a classification and terminology for understanding conceptual and operational definitions, in Journal of Happiness Studies, 2014, 15.

Jain A., Hassard J., Leka S., Di Tecco C., Iavicoli S., The Role of Occupational Health Services in Psychosocial Risk Management and the Promotion of Mental Health and Well-Being at Work, in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 2021, 18, 7, 3632.

Jain A., Torres L. D., Teoh K., S. Leka, The impact of national legislation on psychosocial risks on organisational action plans, psychosocial working conditions, and employee work-related stress in Europe, in Social Science & Medicine, 2022, 302.

Katsabian T., The Telework Virus: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Has Affected Telework and Exposed Its Implications for Privacy, in Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law, 2022, 44, 141.

Knappertsbusch I., Stute H., Work from Anywhere—The Free Choice of Workplace, in Knappertsbusch I., Wisskirchen, G. (eds.) The Future of Work, ,Wiesbaden, Springer, 2024.

Kornadt A., Working from home and well-being during the pandemic and beyond. A longitudinal analysis in five countries, in BMC Public Health, 2025, 25, 1183.

LaMontagne A. D. and others, Workplace mental health: developing an integrated intervention approach, in BMC Psychiatry, 2014, 14, 131.

Leka S., Jain A., Iavicoli S., Vartia M., Ertel M., The role of policy for the management of psychosocial risks at the workplace in the European Union, in Safety Science, 2011, 49, 4, 558-564.

Leka S., Jain A., Zwetsloot G., Cox T., Policy-level interventions and work-related psychosocial risk management in the European Union, in Work & Stress, 2010, 24, 3, 298-307.

Lerouge L., Well-being at Work: a Few Considerations Under a Legal Perspective, in Addabbo T., Ales E., Curzi Y., Senatori I. (eds.), Well-being at and Through Work, Giappichelli, 2017, 15-32.

Magnavita N., Tripepi G., Chiorri C., Telecommuting, Off-Time Work, and Intrusive Leadership in Workers’ Well-Being, in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, 18, 7.

Marsh E., Perez Vallejos E., Spence A., The digital workplace and its dark side: An integrative review, in Computers in Human Behavior, 2022, 128.

Martinaitis, Ž., Sadauskaitė, A., Garbašauskaitė, A., Study exploring the social, economic and legal context and trends of telework and the right to disconnect, in the context of digitalisation and the future of work, during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, 2024, available at https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=8595&furtherPubs=yes.

Mitrus L., Potential implications of the Matzak judgment (quality of rest time, right to disconnect, in European Labour Law Journal , 2019, 10, 4.

Nash C., Jarrahi M. H., Sutherland W., Nomadic work and location independence: The role of space in shaping the work of digital nomads, in Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2021, 3, 2, 271-282.

Nurmi N., Hinds P. J., Work design for global professionals: Connectivity demands, connectivity behaviors, and their effects on psychological and behavioral outcomes, in Organization Studies, 2020, 41, 12.

Potocka-Sionek, N., Gestión de algoritmos. El caso del trabajo en plataformas, in LABOS Revista De Derecho Del Trabajo Y Protección Social, 2024, 5, 47-67.

Ratti L., García-Munoz A., The Regulation of Remote Work. Seeking Balance Through the Articulation of Labour Law Sources: A Comparative Appraisal, in IJCLLIR, 2024, 40, no. 3, 303.

Ratti L., Lempen K., Guiding Principles on Implementing Workers’ Right to Disconnect, in European Law Institute, Vienna, 2023, 7-8.

Ravi S., Harrison G., Harrison D. A., The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences, in Journal of Applied Psychology, 2007, 92, 6.

Ren S. and others, Digital connectivity for work after hours: Its curvilinear relationship with employee job performance, in Personnel Psychology, 2023, 76, 3; n. 36 above; n. 42 above.

Richardson L., How is the platform a workplace? Moving from sites to infrastructure, in Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 2024, 49, 1, e12625.

Rudolph C. W., Zacher H., Working from home: When is it too much of a good thing?, in Human Resource Development Quarterly, 2024,

Schulte P. A., Guerin R. J., Schill A. L., Bhattacharya A., Cunningham T. R., Pandalai S. P., Eggerth D., Stephenson M. C., Considerations for Incorporating “Well-Being” in Public Policy for Workers and Workplaces, in American Journal of Public Health, 2015.

Schoellbauer J. and others, I’d rather know what to expect … Work unpredictability as contemporary work stressor with detrimental implications for employees’ daily wellbeing’, in Work & Stress , 2022, 36, 3.

Sonnentag S., Dynamics of Well-Being, in Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2015, 2, 1.

Sonnentag S., Tay L., Shoshan H. N., A review on health and well‐being at work: More than stressors and strains, in Personnel Psychology, 2023, 76, 2.

Ståhl C-M., Stress at work: countering Europe’s new pandemic, in Social Europe, 3 April 2023 at

https://www.socialeurope.eu/stress-at-work-countering-europes-new-pandemic

Staples D. S., Hulland J. S., Higgins C. A., A self-efficacy theory explanation for the management of remote workers in virtual organizations, in Organization Science, 1999, 10, 6, 758.

Staunton B., Interview with Nayla Glaise and Aude Cefaliello. The fight for a directive on psychosocial risks HesaMag, Special report, 2022, 26, at https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/2023-01/HM26_The%20fight%20for%20a%20directive%20on%20psychosocial%20risks_2023.pdf.

Tay L., Diener E., Needs and subjective well-being around the world, in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2011, 101.

Tov W., Well-being concepts and components, in E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (eds.), Handbook of subjective well-being, Salt Lake City, UT, Noba Scholar, 2018.

Vittersø J.(ed.), Handbook of eudaemonic well-being , Cham, Springer, 2016.

Vögele C., Health and well-being from a psychological perspective, in A. Heinen and others (eds), Wellbeing and health in Adolescence: Theoretical perspectives, empirical findings and approaches in practice, Springer VS, 2022.

Wells K. J., Attoh K., Cullen D., “Just-in-Place” labor: Driver organizing in the Uber workplace, in Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 2021, 53, 2, 315-331. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X20949266.

Yarmolyuk-Kröck K., A Case For an EU Directive Addressing Work-related Psychological Risks: An Eastern European Perspective, ETUI Research Paper - Policy Brief 2022.05 at https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/A%20case%20for%20an%20EU%20directive%20addressing%20work-related%20psychological%20risks-an%20eastern%20European%20perspective-2022.pdf .

Zacher H. and Cort W. Rudolph, Workplace digitalization and workload: changes and reciprocal relations across 3 years, in Scientific Reports, 2024, 14, 5924.

Zhang Y., Home as Non-Workplace, in Boston University Law Review, 2025, 105, 911.

Downloads

Published

2025-12-17

How to Cite

Ratti, L., Kornadt, A. E., Potocka-Sionek, N., & Vögele, C. (2025). Workplace Reloaded. Ensuring Well-Being in the Modern ‘Worksphere’. Labour & Law Issues, 11(2), 25–53. https://doi.org/10.60923/issn.2421-2695/23596

Issue

Section

Essays