Si aggrava o si attenua la crisi della riproduzione sociale nel sistema capitalistico? Il caso delle piattaforme per la cura e il lavoro domestico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2421-2695/20886Parole chiave:
care and domestic services platforms, social reproduction, capitalism, Italy, European Directive on Platform workAbstract
Questo studio analizza le piattaforme che offrono servizi di pulizia e di assistenza alla persona attraverso la lente della teoria della riproduzione sociale. Tale prospettiva radica le piattaforme digitali nel capitalismo mettendo in evidenza la dipendenza fondamentale dell'economia capitalista dal lavoro di riproduzione sociale, retribuito e non retribuito, che viene svolto in gran parte dalle donne in casa, nelle comunità, nei servizi dello Stato sociale e sul mercato (informale). Si tratta di forme di lavoro che, non solo consentono di realizzare le condizioni necessarie per la riproduzione della vita, ma anche, così facendo, della forza-lavoro necessaria a generare valore economico. Basandosi su cinque casi di piattaforme che operano in Italia, l'analisi rivela le loro radici nell'attuale crisi della riproduzione sociale, ovvero della capacità di individui, famiglie e società di riprodurre socialmente la vita, attraverso cure e redditi adeguati. L’articolo mostra come questa crisi si manifesti in molteplici forme nella vita dei clienti e dei lavoratori delle piattaforme, in gran parte donne. Sebbene tutte le piattaforme sostengano di essere la soluzione a questa crisi, i loro effetti non sono univoci. Da un lato, le piattaforme che operano come semplici intermediari digitali aggravano la crisi della riproduzione sociale espandendo il lavoro informale su larga scala. Dall'altro, le piattaforme che stabiliscono in modo proattivo le condizioni di impiego favoriscono il riconoscimento del lavoro domestico e di cura e di una maggiore tutela per i lavoratori. Lo studio sviluppa la letteratura esistente mostrando come le piattaforme per le pulizie domestiche e i servizi di assistenza alla persona, lungi dal risolvere la crisi della riproduzione sociale, possano aggravarla oppure attutirla. I loro effetti dipendono dal modo in cui i modelli di business e le diverse forme di riconoscimento giuridico dei rapporti di lavoro distribuiscono costi, rischi e valore tra i lavoratori e le loro famiglie, i clienti, le piattaforme stesse e lo Stato. A differenza della prospettiva legale, la lente della teoria della riproduzione sociale sottolinea come la varietà delle forme contrattuali offerte alle lavoratrici e ai lavoratori di piattaforma aprano possibilità per le loro lotte sociali, i cui esiti rimangono tuttavia aperti.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Ivana Pais, Patrizia Zanoni
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