¿Intensificación o mitigación de la crisis de la reproducción social en el capitalismo? El caso de las plataformas digitales de cuidados y trabajo doméstico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2421-2695/20886Palabras clave:
care and domestic services platforms, social reproduction, capitalism, Italy, European Directive on Platform workResumen
Este estudio investiga las plataformas empresariales que ofrecen servicios de cuidados y trabajos domésticos usando la teoría de la reproducción social. Esta perspectiva posiciona estas plataformas en el capitalismo, al resaltar la dependencia fundamental de la economía capitalista del trabajo socialmente reproductivo, remunerado y no remunerado, que realizan en gran medida las mujeres en el hogar, las comunidades, el Estado (a través de los servicios de bienestar) y el mercado (informal). Este trabajo no sólo reproduce la vida, sino también, al hacerlo, la fuerza de trabajo necesaria para generar valor en la economía. Basándonos en cinco casos de empresas de cuidados y plataformas de servicios domésticos que operan en Italia, el análisis revela sus raíces en la actual crisis de reproducción social, o la capacidad de los individuos, los hogares y las sociedades para reproducir socialmente la vida, a través de unos cuidados e ingresos adecuados. Mostramos cómo esta crisis se manifiesta de múltiples formas en las vidas de los clientes y los trabajadores de las plataformas, ambos en su mayoría mujeres. Aunque todas las plataformas afirman ser la solución a esta crisis, sus efectos no son unívocos. Por un lado, las plataformas que operan como meros intermediarios digitales profundizan la crisis de reproducción social al expandir el trabajo informal a gran escala. Por otro lado, las plataformas que establecen proactivamente las condiciones de empleo fomentan el reconocimiento del trabajo de cuidados y doméstico y una mejor protección de los trabajadores. Este estudio contribuye a la literatura existente al mostrar cómo, si bien las plataformas de cuidados y servicios domésticos no resuelven la crisis de reproducción social, pueden profundizarla o amortiguarla. Sus efectos dependen del modelo de negocio y el estatus laboral legal que ofrecen a los trabajadores y cómo distribuyen los costos, los riesgos y el valor entre los trabajadores y sus hogares, los clientes, las propias plataformas y el Estado. A diferencia de las perspectivas jurídicas, la teoría de la reproducción social hace hincapié en cómo los diferentes estatus laborales legales que se ofrecen a los trabajadores de plataformas de cuidados y trabajos domésticos abren posibilidades para sus luchas sociales, cuyos resultados, sin embargo, siguen siendo indefinidos.
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Derechos de autor 2024 Ivana Pais, Patrizia Zanoni
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